What are LDAP and LDAPS? LDAP or Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is a vendor-neutral application protocol that can be used to access and maintain distributed directory information services over the IP network. LDAP was initially created in 1993. The latest...
What is the Hardware Security Module (HSM)? A Hardware Security Module or HSM is a physical computing device that can be used to store and manage secret keys that can be used for authentication or other secure cryptoprocessing like encryption, decryption, digital...
What is the Trusted Platform Module (TPM)? TPM or Trusted Platform Module is an international standard for securing hardware using integrated cryptographic keys. TPM uses a microcontroller to store passwords, certificates, or cryptographic keys securely. The stored...
What is the TLS Downgrade attack? Modern TLS clients and servers support older versions of TLS protocol and weaker cryptographic algorithms for backward compatibility. TLS downgrade attack is an attack in which an attacker tricks a TLS client and the server to use an...
What is HMAC? When data is transferred over an unreliable medium like the Internet, we need some way to check that the stated sender has indeed sent the message and the message is not modified after it is sent. We use the Message Authentication Code or MAC for that...
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