What is the Merkle Tree? When data is distributed across multiple hosts over a network and the data is transferred from one host to another, there should be some way to verify the integrity of the data stored in multiple nodes. For example, in BitTorrent, if we are...
MD5 and SHA-1 are well-known cryptographic hash functions. And HMAC is a well-known keyed hash-based message authentication code that involves a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key. Before we go to the topic of which one to use for HMAC, let's...
We simply cannot store a password in the database as it is because that is unsafe. Â If we do so, an attacker who somehow has gained access to the database can access all the passwords stored. So, instead, we use a cryptographic hash function to create digests of...
When we generate a public-private key pair in PGP/GPG, it gives us the option of selecting DSA and RSA to generate the public and private key pair. We are often confused about which one to select. What is the difference, actually? And what are the pros and cons of...
The gnupg module enables Python to use the functionality of the GNU Privacy Guard or GnuPG. With this module, Python programs can create and manage keys, encrypt and decrypt data, and sign and verify documents. (What is the difference between PGP, OpenPGP, and GnuPG...
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