virus code and then the scanning process starts. It parses statements one by one to remove unimportant statements and blank gaps and gets the skeleton of the code. The skeleton is then searched for virus signatures.
Exact Identification
In this method, more than one number of constant bytes in the virus code is searched for scanning. As a result, the number of false positives in virus detection improves much.
Heuristics Analysis
In this method, several heuristics are used to detect infections of viruses. Some commonly used heuristic flags may be :
- The possible gap between sections
- Suspicious section characteristics
- Suspicious code section name
- Multiple or suspicious PE Headers
- Suspicious imports from kernel
- Suspicious code redirection
Static Decryptor Detection
This method detects encrypted viruses. String scanning specific to the virus is used to detect its decryptor.
X-RAY Scanning
When an encrypted virus is first detected, the plaintext body of the particular virus is obtained. Several encryption techniques commonly used by virus writers are applied to specific parts of the plaintext code, like the top and tail of the file, entry points, etc. Using those, the signature is scanned in an unknown virus.
This technique is normally used in polymorphic viruses. However, it is very time-consuming.
Code Emulation
This technique is widely used to detect viruses. In this method, a virtual environment simulates the CPU, memory, storage resources, and some necessary functions of an Operating System, and the virus code is made to run in that environment. Once the code runs, its behavior is observed and analyzed. That information is utilized to detect new viruses.
Disadvantages of traditional virus detection techniques
Though the techniques of virus detection improved a lot over time, they have their own disadvantages, which eventually made traditional anti-virus programs ineffective. A number of them are mentioned below :
- The signature scanning method usually maintains a database of signatures of known viruses, using which unknown viruses are scanned. But, as the number of viruses increased drastically over time, it became quite impractical to maintain such databases of virus signatures.
- The signature database does not contain signatures of newly found viruses until they are analyzed successfully and added to the database. This makes traditional anti-virus programs quite ineffective in detecting new viruses.
- Traditional techniques for detecting viruses are ineffective for detecting Zero-day threats.
- Hackers often use techniques like crypters, server-side polymorphism, etc., which make it difficult for traditional anti-virus programs to detect them.
What is NGAV or the Next Generation Anti-Virus?
Next Generation Anti-Virus or NGAV is a technique that relies on machine learning to dissect new viruses in an automated way. It uses some dynamic analysis approach to detect viruses, instead of …






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